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650–11001 annotated work

Old English

Nobody called it English yet. Poems were recited from memory to a hall of drinkers, in a heavily inflected Germanic language, and written down centuries after they were first sung. Almost no love poetry and no comedy survives — what we have is heroic, elegiac and religious, and much of it happens at sea.

✦Alliteration instead of rhyme

✦Kennings — compressed metaphors like 'whale-road' for the sea

✦Heroic and elegiac in tone, with a strong sense of fate

✦Pagan and Christian belief held side by side

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