Literature in real life

What the books
are actually about.

Every theme has a modern version and an ethical dilemma attached to it. Use these for seminars, dinner tables or arguments with yourself.

The cost of getting ahead

Ambition

A twenty-six-year-old is offered a role two levels above her experience. The salary would change her family's decade. The team she would inherit is already burned out, and she knows it.

The dilemma

Accepting means inheriting a situation she cannot fix without becoming the person who made it. Refusing means the job goes to someone who will not even notice.

Is ambition a character trait, or a response to the fear of being left behind?

  • —Which is harder to admit: wanting the promotion, or wanting what the promotion would prove?
  • —Where does Macbeth's ambition actually begin — the prophecy or the letter to his wife?
  • —Is Gatsby ambitious, or is he trying to reverse time?

Who gets believed

Justice

Two accounts of the same meeting, given by people with different amounts of power in the organisation. Everyone in the room privately knows which account is accurate. The process does not.

The dilemma

You were in the meeting. Speaking up will be treated as taking a side, and your account will be discounted in exactly the way the original was. Silence is safer and it is also a choice.

Why do fair processes so reliably produce unfair outcomes?

  • —What does Atticus Finch prove, and what does the verdict say about proof?
  • —Why does Atticus's defeat feel like a defence of the system rather than an attack on it?
  • —Is the Count of Monte Cristo a justice story or a warning about private justice?

The machine that knows you

Power

Recommendation systems decide what you see, what you want and which version of the news you believe. The arrangement is comfortable, and it is not voluntary in any ordinary sense.

The dilemma

A platform can quietly reduce the reach of harmful but legal content. Doing it protects people; doing it also proves whoever controls the feed controls the conversation, and there is no neutral setting.

Is a cage you chose still a cage?

  • —Huxley's world abolishes pain. Orwell's abolishes truth. Which is closer to the present?
  • —What does Orwell suggest happens to a person who has no word for dissent?
  • —Where in your own week is a decision made for you by an interface?

Being someone else online

Identity

A curated self, edited daily, measured by numbers. The performance is not fake — it is a version, and versions start to compete with the person.

The dilemma

You have built an audience on a persona that is a slightly better version of you. Dropping it would disappoint people who rely on it and cost you work you are proud of. Keeping it means the gap grows.

If you perform a self long enough, which one is the mask?

  • —Dorian Gray's portrait keeps the truth. What is your portrait, and who is allowed to see it?
  • —Why does Jekyll need a chemical solution to a moral problem?
  • —Which version of Jane Eyre would be recognisable today?

Grief that will not leave

Mortality

A death, and then the ordinary horror of admin: passwords, subscriptions, an account still recommending things to a person who no longer exists.

The dilemma

Your sibling wants to close a dead parent's account. You have been reading their old messages. One of you is treating the archive as memory; the other as an intrusion. Both of you are right.

What is the difference between remembering someone and keeping them?

  • —Why does Woolf put the deaths in brackets?
  • —Has a digital archive changed what mourning is?
  • —What would you want to leave behind that is not a message?

Money in the room

Class

Two people in the same job, one of whom is being supported by their parents and does not know it. Every conversation about risk, holidays and ambition is being held on different foundations.

The dilemma

You discover a colleague is being paid less for identical work, because they negotiated badly and cannot afford to leave. Raising it exposes them. Not raising it keeps the arrangement that protects you.

Why is it easier to talk about money than about class?

  • —Which detail in Pride and Prejudice tells you most about money without mentioning it?
  • —Why can Gatsby's money never buy him the thing he wants?
  • —Where does Middlemarch describe a decision that is really a class decision?

The language of harm

Guilt

A public apology that is mostly about the apologiser. A message that should have been deleted, kept for years. The way a family renames an event so nobody has to be guilty of it.

The dilemma

You realise something you did at nineteen hurt someone badly. They have moved on. Confessing would ease you and reopen them. Silence protects them and leaves the record wrong.

Is confession ever really for the person who was hurt?

  • —Why does Raskolnikov's theory fail him?
  • —Why does Hawthorne give the guilty man a good reputation and the guilty woman a visible mark?
  • —What does Poe's narrator want from the reader?

The price of leaving

Freedom

The job you leave to do your own work. The country you move to. The relationship you end because staying would cost more than going. Every departure has a bill, and it usually arrives later.

The dilemma

You can leave a secure situation for a life you actually chose, but someone who depends on your income cannot absorb the risk. Their freedom depends on your staying; yours depends on going.

Is freedom the ability to leave, or the ability to choose what you stay for?

  • —What does Odysseus keep choosing over immortality?
  • —Why is Huxley's dystopia harder to argue with than Orwell's?
  • —Which refusal in Jane Eyre costs her most?

The story we tell about the past

Memory

A family version of an event that everyone has agreed to remember wrongly. Nostalgia for a decade you did not live through. A photograph that has become the official memory of a day nobody enjoyed.

The dilemma

You are writing about an event your family remembers differently. Your version is accurate and would settle an old argument in your favour. It would also take away something your mother needs to believe.

Is a shared false memory a lie or a form of care?

  • —Why does Morrison delay the central fact of Beloved?
  • —Can nostalgia ever be a political emotion?
  • —What does Gatsby's green light become by the final page?

The diagnosis

Madness

Burnout renamed as resilience. Anxiety treated as a character flaw. A colleague who is 'dramatic' until the thing they warned about happens, and then nobody mentions it again.

The dilemma

Someone you love says something true and alarming about how they are treated. You suspect the telling is partly a symptom. Trusting them completely might hurt them; dismissing them would be a betrayal.

Who in a crisis gets to define what counts as sanity?

  • —Why is Gilman's narrator more reliable than the doctor?
  • —What does Hamlet gain, and lose, by performing madness?
  • —Is Plath's narrator ill, or accurately describing her world?

Fear as entertainment

Freedom

Horror is the genre we use to practise fear safely: haunted houses, true crime, the film you watch with the lights on. The pleasure is control — you can stop it at any time.

The dilemma

A story you love uses real suffering as material. It is beautifully made and it is making money from someone's worst day. You are not sure whether loving it makes you complicit.

What do we actually want from a frightening story?

  • —Why is Lovecraft scarier when nothing is described clearly?
  • —What does Poe's narrator want from the reader in The Tell-Tale Heart?
  • —Is the governess in The Turn of the Screw the victim or the threat?